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Gold-bismuth-telluride-sulphide assemblages at the Viceroy Mine, Harare-Bindura-Shamva greenstone belt, Zimbabwe

Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Hannover, Germany

^* E-mail: thomas.oberthuer{at}bgr.de

Gold mineralization at the Viceroy Mine is hosted in extensional veins in steep shear zones that transect metabasalts of the Archaean Arcturus Formation. The gold mineralization is generally made up of banded or massive quartz carrying abundant coarse arsenopyrite. However, most striking is a distinct suite of Au-Bi-Te-S minerals, namely joseite-A (Bi₄TeS₂), joseite-B (Bi₄Te₂S), hedleyite (Bi₇Te₃), ikunolite (Bi₄S₃), ‘protojoseite’ (Bi₃TeS), an unnamed mineral (Bi₆Te₂S), bismuthinite (Bi₂S₃), native Bi, native gold, maldonite (Au₂Bi), and jonassonite (AuBi₅S₄). The majority of the Bi-Te-S phases is characterized by Bi/(Se+Te) ratios of <1. Accordingly, this assemblage formed at reduced conditions at relatively low f_S2and f_Te2. Fluid-inclusion thermometry indicates depositional temperatures of the main stage of mineralization of up to 342ºC, in the normal range of mesothermal, orogenic gold deposits worldwide. However, melting temperatures of Au-Bi-Te phases down to at least 235ºC (assemblage (Au₂Bi + Bi + Bi₇Te₃)) imply that the Au-Bi-Te phases have been present as liquids or melt droplets. Furthermore, the close association of native gold, native bismuth and other Bi-Te-S phases suggests that gold was scavenged from the hydrothermal fluids by Bi-Te-S liquids or melts. It is concluded that a liquid/melt-collecting mechanism was probably active at Viceroy Mine, where the distinct Au-Bi-Te-S assemblage either formed late as part of the main, arsenopyrite-dominated mineralization, or it represents a different mineralization event, related to rejuvenation of the shear system. In either case, some of the gold may have been extracted from pre-existing, gold-bearing arsenopyrite by Bi-Te-S melts, thus leading to an upgrade of the gold ores at Viceroy. The Au-Bi-Te-S assemblage represents an epithermal-style mineralization overprinted on an otherwise mesothermal (orogenic) gold mineralization.

KEYWORDS: gold mineralization, bismuth-tellurides-sulphides, Archaean, Viceroy and Mazowe Mines, Zimbabwe, Passagem de Mariana Mine, Brazil