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Applications of time-resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction to cation exchange, crystal growth and biomineralization reactions

¹ Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
² Department of Mineral Sciences, National Museum of Natural History NHB 119, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA

^* E-mail: heaney{at}geosc.psu.edu

ABSTRACT

Advances in the design of environmental reaction cells and in the collection of X-ray diffraction data are transforming our ability to study mineral-fluid interactions. The resulting increase in time resolution now allows for the determination of rate laws for mineral reactions that are coupled to atomic-scale changes in crystal structure. Here we address the extension of time-resolved synchrotron diffraction techniques to four areas of critical importance to the cycling of metals in soils: (1) cation exchange; (2) biomineralization; (3) stable isotope fractionation during redox reactions; and (4) nucleation and growth of nanoscale oxyhydroxides.